Beamforming
Beamforming is a signal processing technique that uses multiple antenna elements to focus radio signals in specific directions rather than broadcasting omnidirectionally. It is essential at mmWave and terahertz frequencies where signals are highly directional. Modern 5G base stations use 64–256 antenna elements for precise beam steering, and 6G/7G will require even more sophisticated algorithms for sub-THz and THz beamforming.