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3.5 GHz
100 MHz
10 MHz100 GHz
30 dB
0 dB60 dB
16
11024
500 m
1 m10,000 m

Theoretical maximum based on Shannon-Hartley theorem. Real-world performance is typically 30–60% of theoretical maximum.

Theoretical Max Throughput
C = B × log₂(1 + SNR) × MIMO
Free-Space Path Loss
at given frequency & distance
Effective SNR after FSPL
Est. Latency
Spectral Efficiency
bits/s/Hz per layer

Throughput Comparison

5G
6G
7G
Current